Course Catalog

LEVEL 3 COURSES

English 9
Prerequisite: Successful completion of English 8

This course is comprised of a basic study of grammar techniques, various literary genres and writing skills. Activities to increase reading comprehension, vocabulary, media literacy, and communication skills are also included.

English 10
Prerequisite: Successful completion of English 9

This course is comprised of a basic study of grammar techniques, literary forms, and composition skills. Emphasis will be placed on vocabulary development, oral communication, and reading comprehension.

English 11
Prerequisite: Successful completion of English 10

This course consists of a survey of American literature from 1607 to the modern period and a study of basic vocabulary, grammar, composition, and reading comprehension skills. Media literacy and persuasion are emphasized as well. Students enrolled in this course may take the Standards of Learning End of Course Reading and Writing tests.

English 12
Prerequisite: Successful completion of English 11

This course consists of a survey of the major ideas and works of British and world literature and the development of the English language. It also includes a review of grammatical conventions through writing, editing, and speaking. Demonstration of media literacy and research are emphasized.

LEVEL 2 COURSES

Advanced English 9
Prerequisite: Successful completion of English 8 and passed English 8 SOL

This course is comprised of a rigorous study of various literary genres and an in-depth analysis of grammar and writing techniques. Media literacy and communication skills are also strongly emphasized. The honor course covers the literary and writing curriculum of Grade 9 at a greater depth, scope, sequence, pacing, and reflection than the advanced course. Critical analysis, research, application, synthesis, and constructive criticism are greatly utilized in this course. Students may be expected to complete a summer assignment.

Advanced English 10
Prerequisite: Successful completion of English 9

This course is comprised of a rigorous study of various literary genres and an in-depth analysis of grammar and writing techniques. Media literacy and communication skills are also strongly emphasized. The honors course covers the literary and writing curriculum of Grade 10 at a greater depth, scope, sequence, pacing, and reflection than the advanced course. Critical analysis, research, application, synthesis, and constructive criticism are greatly utilized in this course. Students may be expected to complete a summer assignment.

Advanced English 11
Prerequisite: Successful completion of English 10

An advanced study of both classic and contemporary American literature will be the primary focus of this course. A strong emphasis will be placed upon writing skills and styles, particularly persuasion. Enhancement of vocabulary and communication skills will occur through reading, class discussions and presentations. Students will be encouraged to take an active role in the class to become critical readers, writers, and thinkers. Students enrolled in this course may take the Standards of Learning End of Course Reading and End of Course Writing tests.

Advanced English 12
Prerequisite: Successful completion of English 11

Advanced English 12 is comprised of a comprehensive study of the major ideas and works in British and world literature in preparation for college. Techniques of expository, creative, and persuasive writing will be emphasized. A well-documented research product and presentation must be produced.

LEVEL 1 COURSES

AP English 11 Language and Composition
Prerequisite: C in English 10

This course is an introductory college-level composition course. Students cultivate their understanding of writing and rhetorical arguments through reading, analyzing, and writing texts as they explore topics like rhetorical situation, claims and evidence, reasoning and organizing, and style. Stu- dents may be expected to complete a summer assignment. Students enrolled in this course will take the Standards of Learning End of Course Reading and Writing tests.

AP English 12 Literature and Composition
Prerequisite: Successful completion of AP English 11 or C in English 11 (subject to availability)

AP English is a college level course emphasizing the analysis of form, style, and meaning in poetry and prose fiction. This writing intensive course requires students to write several multi-page essays, many short essays, and various response pieces. The course is geared toward preparing the student for the AP Literature and Composition exam, for which he or she may receive college credit. Students may be expected to complete a summer assignment. All students enrolled in this class will prepare to take the AP exam in May.

Dual Enrollment English 12
Prerequisite: Successful completion of English 11, 3.0 GPA, Germanna approval, application required (subject to availability)

Students enrolled in DE English 12 will also be enrolled in English 111: College Composition I through Germanna Community College. This course introduces students to critical thinking and the fundamentals of academic writing. Through the support ideas; investigate, evaluate, and incorporate appropriate resources; edit for effective style and usage; and determine appropriate approaches for a variety of contexts, audiences, and purposes. Writing activities will include exposition and argumentation with at least one researched essay. This is a college course with post-secondary rigor. Students are expected to meet the requirements set forth by Germanna Community College for attendance, grading, expectations.

ELECTIVE COURSES

Introduction to Cinema
Prerequisite: Successful completion of English 9 course (10^th-12^th graders)

This course is comprised of a study of basic literary concepts through the lens of cinema. Students examine how literature has moved from page to screen as they engaged with various genres, film techniques, and writing skills to develop their own scripts. Studies will include all aspects of modern cinema; scene development, dialogue, story-booking, scripting, shot composition, sound boarding, mise-en-scene, and audience awareness. Various films from approved AFI (American Film Institute) will be viewed and dissected in class.

African-American Literature
Prerequisite: Successful completion of English 10 course (11^th-12^th graders)

While this advanced course functions as a survey of African American Literature from the late 18th century to present, it also examines how different cultural and historical periods speak to one another by using the themes of joy and pain. It aims to explore the ways in which African American writers and cultural workers have established themselves as such in the face of tremendous institutional oppression. Students will go beyond the ways black authors culturally and literarily treat certain forms of oppression by reading the various expressions of African American elation. Students will also witness how African American Literature connects these themes in ways that reinforce each other.

Journalism I Yearbook
Prerequisite: C in English; Completed application must be approved by Journalism teacher

In this introductory yearbook class, the student will develop skills such as publication, layout, photography, and copy/caption writing. These skills will be used in actual production of the yearbook; therefore, students will be required to cover school events, sell advertisements (fundraising and assist with the production of assigned pages. After completion of the book, students will begin editorial plans for the next yearbook. This class requires cooperation, positive attitudes, responsibility, and dependability; all of which are important in evaluating student performance in the class.

Journalism II Yearbook
Prerequisite: C in Journalism I; C in English; Completed application must be approved by Journalism teacher (10^th-12^th graders)

This yearbook course will continue to focus on developing skills such as publication, layout, photography, and copy/caption writing. As with Journalism I, students will be required to cover school events, sell advertisements (fundraising) and assist with the production of assigned pages.

Journalism III Yearbook
Prerequisite: C in Journalism II; C in English; Approved application by Journalism teacher (10^th-12^th graders)

This advanced level yearbook class is coupled with Journalism II and requires responsibility above and beyond that class. Students are required to attend weekend deadline sessions and oversee Journalism I and II students. This class is comprised of editors who will be selected by the instructor. Editors will receive advanced credit.

Journalism IV Yearbook
Prerequisite: C in Journalism III; C in English; Completed application must be approved by Journalism teacher (10^th-12^th graders)

This advanced level yearbook class is coupled with Journalism III and requires responsibility about and beyond that class. Students are required to attend weekend deadline sessions, and oversee Journalism I and II students. This class is comprised of editors who will be selected by the instructor. Editors will receive advanced credit.

Journalism V Yearbook
Prerequisite: C in Journalism; C in English; Completed application must be approved by Journalism teacher (10^th-12^th graders)

In addition to their primary duties as journalists, students in this class are required to attend and oversee weekend deadline sessions. Advanced journalism classes are combined with lower-level Echo classes and may include supervisory roles. This class is comprised of instructor selected editors. Editors will receive advanced credit.

LEVEL 3 COURSES

World Geography

This course explores the world’s people, places, and environments. This course concentrates on the study of the world’s countries and regions, land forms, climates and natural resources, cultures, and political/economic systems. Students enrolled in this course may take the Standards of Learning World Geography test.

World History I/Geography
Prerequisite: Unsuccessful completion of the World Geography SOL test

The early part of this course will cover the rise of man from a nomadic wanderer through the development of urban centers in the Mediterranean area. Students will study civilizations of the four river valleys of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and China as well as the rise of the early empires in Rome, Greece, Africa, Byzantium, Latin America, and Asia. Students will learn why the collapse of this ancient world led to a major restructuring of economic and social philosophies. Later, they will examine the political, economic, and cultural development of geographic areas which differ radically in their way of life from our expectations. Special emphasis is placed on the mixture of people, their differing cultures, and the impact religion has on their daily lives. Geography is emphasized throughout the unit to make students aware of the impact geography has on man, as well as to become familiar with major geographic areas around the world. Study skills are also emphasized throughout the course. Students enrolled in this course may take the Standards of Learning World History test.

World History II/Geography
Prerequisite: Successful completion of World Geography SOL test or World History I class

This course will follow World History I with the study of the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Age of Exploration. The study of turmoil of the Age of Revolutions will follow when discontent with absolutism and "divine right" flared into a variety of revolutions with the eventual triumph of the "rights of man." Students will gain an appreciation for the Bill of Rights as they study the evolution of democracy. The political changes will be followed by major industrial changes as the Industrial Revolution is studied from the perspective of its early beginnings to the effect it has on our way of life and environment of today. The latter part of the course deals with the emergence of Italy and Germany as independent nations, the causes and effects of major wars of the modern era: Spanish American; World War I; World War II; Korea; and Vietnam. The course will conclude with a look at the changing global situation and the global interdependence among nations in the modern world. Again, geography will be an integral part of study during this course. Study skills continue to be emphasized. Oral classroom presentations and other research-based assignments are routinely done during this course. Students enrolled in this course may take the Standards of Learning World History II test.

VA/US History
Prerequisite: Required for graduation (11^th graders)

This is a survey of United States history from the colonial period to the present. Over the course of the school year, the social, political, intellectual, and economic developments that have made the United States the nation it is today will be explored. Students enrolled in this course may take the Standards of Learning VA/US History test.

VA/US Government
Prerequisite: Required for graduation (12^th graders)

This course concentrates on the differences in the power structure of government and the development and content of the U.S. Constitution. The political party system and elections are studied with emphasis on the importance of the media and political opinion. The Judicial Branch, Legislative Branch, and Executive Branch of the Federal and State governments are studied in depth. Emphasis is on civil liberties and civil rights and the importance of the Supreme Court's landmark cases in these areas. The powers of the Executive Branch in both domestic and foreign policy complete the year. Current news is emphasized throughout the year to relate the study of government to the happenings in the world today.

LEVEL 2 COURSES

Advanced World History I/Geography
Prerequisite: Unsuccessful completion of the World Geography SOL test or Parent Request

This advanced course is a survey of predominately Western civilization that encompasses the study of man's beginnings in Africa, the development of the river civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and China, the rise and fall of Greek and Roman civilizations, and the Renaissance period in Europe. This survey will include basic developments in Asia, Africa, and the Americas that impacted Western civilization. Students will develop their historical research skills and an understanding of the impact of geography on history. This course is designed to engage students’ upper level thinking skills with regard to the relationship of the four aspects of social studies: geography, economics, politics and history. Subjective reasoning will be utilized to advance student's abilities to relate seemingly unrelated topics in history to modern situations. Students enrolled in this course may take the Standards of Learning World History I Test.

Advanced World History II/Geography
Prerequisite: Successful completion of World Geography SOL test or World History I class

This advanced course is a survey of predominately Western civilization that begins with the year 1500 A.D. and ends with the present. In this SOL-based course, students will explore 19th and 20th century scientific and technological changes that had major effects on society and culture. Emphasis will be placed on Western Europe and the ongoing study of the four major aspects of social studies: geography, economics, politics, and history. This course is designed to engage students’ higher-level thinking skills regarding the four aspects listed above. Students will develop or refine their grasp of the medium of human nature as the basis for understanding the way in which lessons are learned from history. Students will examine the role of the spiritual side of human nature as it has developed in the form of the five major religions of the world. Further, students will learn how the conflicts of the physical and spiritual have produced relatively predictable results. This course will also feature subjective inquiries (essays into the reasoning behind the actions of countries in an attempt to establish patterns of behavior that have remained constant, and as a result, form the basis of "history lessons." Students enrolled in this course may take the Standards of Learning World History II test.

Advanced VA/US History
Prerequisite: Successful completion of World History I, World History II, or AP Modern World History (11^th graders)

This course is designed to provide students with a survey of the history of the United States beginning with Pre-Colombian America and ending with the international affairs and domestic changes in the present modern world. This course will deliver a comprehensive overview of U.S. history and provide students with the analytical historical thinking skills and factual knowledge necessary to understand issues of U.S. history. This class emphasizes the same skill development as Advanced Placement courses in order to prepare students for success at the collegiate level. Essay writing is required. This course is credited as the required VA/US History class and a passing grade is required for graduation. Students enrolled in this course may take the Standards of Learning VA/US History test.

Advanced VA/US Government
Prerequisite: Successful completion of VA/US History (12^th graders)

This course is designed to provide students with a survey of the government of the United States beginning with foundations of our system of government and ending with the international affairs and domestic changes in the modern world. This course is designed for highly motivated students; the curriculum is enriched to provide students with material that is more challenging and thoughtful than a regular level American history class but not as demanding as AP classes. This course will provide a comprehensive overview of U.S. government and provide students with the analytical skills and factual knowledge necessary to assess issues of U.S. SCED Code: 04151 politics, citizenship, and government. The students will learn to assess materials, their relevance to a given interpretive problem, their reliability, their importance, and to weigh the evidence and interpretations presented in political science scholarship. This class will help develop the skills necessary to arrive at conclusions on the basis of an informed judgment and to present reasons and evidence clearly and persuasively in an academic essay format, therefore students will do more writing than a typical government class. Research and writing are required components of the class. This course is credited as the required VA/US Government class and a passing grade is required for graduation.

LEVEL 1 COURSES

AP Modern World History
Prerequisite: C in previous History and English courses (9^th-12^th graders)

Advanced Placement Modern World History is an introductory college-level modern world history course. Students cultivate their understanding of world history from c.1200 CE to the present through analyzing historical sources and learning to make connections and craft historical arguments as they explore concepts like humans and the environment, cultural developments and interactions, governance, economic systems, social interactions and organization, and technology and innovation. All students enrolled in this class will prepare to take the AP exam in May.

AP Human Geography
Prerequisite: C in previous History and English courses (10^th – 12^th graders)

This course introduces students to the systematic study of patterns and processes that have shaped human understanding, use, and alteration of the earth’s surface. Students will use spatial concepts and landscape analysis to analyze human social organization and its environmental consequences. They also will learn about the methods and tools geographers use in their science and practice. This course prepares students to take the Advanced Placement examination in Human Geography for which college credit and/or placement is given if a qualifying score is achieved. Students enrolled in this course may take the Standards of Learning US History test if a verified credit is needed for graduation. All students enrolled in this course will prepare to take the AP Human Geography exam in May.

AP African American Studies
Prerequisite: C in previous History and English course (10^th – 12^th graders)

Advanced Placement African American Studies is an interdisciplinary course that examines the diversity of African American experiences through direct encounters with varied sources. Students explore key topics that extend from early African kingdoms to the ongoing challenges and achievements of the contemporary moment. Given the interdisciplinary character of African American Studies, students in the course will develop skills across multiple fields, with an emphasis on developing historical, literacy, visual, and data analysis skills. The course foregrounds a study of the diversity of Black communities in the United States within the broader context of Africa and African diaspora. All students enrolled in this class will prepare to take the AP exam in May.

AP VA/US History
Prerequisite: C in previous History and English course (11^th graders)

The Advanced Placement US History course is designed to provide students with the analytical skills, writing skills, and factual knowledge necessary to deal critically with the problems and materials in United States History. The course will develop historical thinking skills (chronological reasoning, comparing and contextualizing, crafting historical arguments using historical evidence, and interpreting and synthesizing historical narrative necessary to arrive at conclusions on the basis of an informed judgment and present reasons and evidence clearly and persuasively in essay format. This class requires extensive college level reading, writing, and documentary synthesis and an understanding of content learning objectives. The AP U.S. History course expands on the history of the Americas from 1491 to the present. Students enrolled in this course may take the Standards of Learning US History test if a verified credit is needed for graduation. This course is credited as the required VA/US History class and a passing grade is required for graduation. All students enrolled in this course will prepare to take the AP US History Exam in May.

AP VA/US Government
Prerequisite: C in previous History and English course (12^th graders)

Advanced Placement Government is an intensive study of the development and content of the U.S. Constitution, the structure of the Federal and State study of the development and content of the U.S. Constitution, the structure of the Federal and State governments, and the overall policies and politics of government. Current issues are stressed to relate the study of government to today’s world. The mechanisms of political participation are studied as well. Class discussion, including analysis and criticism of various government policies, is emphasized. Students are responsible for debates, several written and oral reports, and a position paper. This course is credited as the required US/VA Government class and a passing grade is required for graduation. All students enrolled in this class will prepare to take the AP exam in May.

ELECTIVE COURSES

Sociology
Prerequisite: 10^th – 12^th graders

Sociology is the scientific study of human social behavior. This social studies elective course introduces students to sociological concepts, terms and sociological patterns; examines the key social institutions; and explores current issues related to social inequality and social change. The objective of the course is to have all students develop a sociological perspective and understanding of sociological terms, concepts and skills; develop requisite skills to conduct scientific sociological investigation; enhance listening, verbal and writing skills; enhance critical thinking skills and the ability to ask good questions; gain insight into his/her own life and an appreciation and understanding of different perspectives; and most importantly, provide the opportunity for personal growth.

Psychology
Prerequisite: 10^th – 12^th graders

In this course, students examine patterns and variations of human behavior and the process of individual human development. They identify and examine the emotional, intellectual, and physical factors which influence the development of the individual human being. Students distinguish among the major schools and systems of psychology and methods of investigation. Strong reading ability, height interest in the subject, and willingness to actively participate in class discussions are expected. All students enrolled in this class will prepare to take the AP exam in May.

AP Psychlogy
Prerequisite: 10^th – 12^th graders

In this course, students will explore ideas, theories, and methods of the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. You’ll examine the concepts of psychology through reading and discussion, and you'll analyze data from psychological research studies. In this class, you will learn how to connect psychological concepts and theories to real-life scenarios, understand and interpret data, and analyze research studies in psychology. This course is equivalent to a one-semester, introductory college course in psychology and there are no prerequisites. In May, students will be expected to take the AP psychology exam, which consists of 100 multiples choice questions and 2 FRQs (free-response questions. Depending on the college, a 3/5 or better will likely earn transferable college credit.

Law Studies
Prerequisite: 10^th – 12^th graders

This course provides students with a real-world foundation in the American Legal System utilizing a nationally recognized curriculum. Students will explore major areas of law- including Constitutional, criminal, civil, consumer, family, and employment law- while learning how legal principles apply to everyday life. Through case studies, simulations, mock trials, and problem-solving activities, students develop practical kills in decision-making, critical thinking, and responsible citizenship. This course prepares students to navigate common legal issues, understand their rights and responsibilities, and engage confidently with the justice system as adults; as well as provide a survey level course for students interested in criminal justice, law, or related fields.

LEVEL 3 COURSES

Algebra Academy
Prerequisite: Unsuccessful completion of the Math 8 SOL test or Parent Request

Algebra Academy is an immersive course that seeks to fulfill the dual purpose of remediating foundational math skills as well as instructing students based on the Algebra I Standards of Learning set forth by the Virginia Department of Education. Students enrolled in Algebra Academy will meet daily and can expect to participate in supplemental differentiated learning tracks in small groups with classroom teachers. At the conclusion of Algebra Academy, students will have regained essential math skills and satisfied the state Algebra I Standards of Learning. Students enrolled in this course will be prepared to take the Algebra I End of Course SOL test.

Alegbra I
Prerequisite: Successful completion of the Math 8 SOL test

In this course, students will study the basic concepts and properties of real numbers and apply them to polynomials. Techniques in solving linear equations and inequalities in one variable and solving quadratic equations in one variable are developed and applied to problem solving. Students will learn to graph and analyze linear and quadratic functions. Data sets will be studied, graphed, and compared using functions, variation, and statistical techniques, including measures of central tendency. Students will study statistics to include line and curve of best fit. Systems of linear equations will be solved graphically and algebraically and will be applied to problem solving. Square roots and other radical expressions will be evaluated and simplified. Students enrolled in this course will be prepared to take the Algebra 1 End of Course SOL test.

Geometry Academy
Prerequisite: Unsuccessful completion of the Algebra I SOL test; Has not earned math verified credit

Geometry Academy is an immersive course that seeks to fulfill the dual purpose of remediating foundational math skills as well as instructing students based on the Geometry Standards of Learning set forth by the Virginia Department of Education. Students enrolled in Geometry Academy will meet daily and can expect to participate in supplemental differentiated learning tracks in small groups with classroom teachers. This course introduces undefined terms, definitions, postulates, and deductive reasoning. Basic straight edge and compass constructions will be done throughout the course. Formal proofs and reasoning will be introduced through a study of lines, angles, polygons, congruency, and similarity of triangles. The Pythagorean Theorem and basic Trigonometry and its applications are discussed. Area, volume, and properties of circles as well as solids are studied. At the conclusion of Geometry Academy, students will have regained essential math skills and satisfied the state Geometry Standards of Learning. Students enrolled in this course will be prepared to take the Geometry End of Course SOL test.

Geometry
Prerequisite: Successful completion of the Algebra I SOL test

This course introduces undefined terms, definitions, postulates, and deductive reasoning. Basic straight edge and compass constructions will be done throughout the course. Formal proofs and reasoning will be introduced through a study of lines, angles, polygons, congruency, and similarity of triangles. The Pythagorean Theorem and basic Trigonometry and its applications are discussed. Area, volume, and properties of circles as well as solids are studied. At the conclusion of Geometry Academy, students will have regained essential math skills and satisfied the state Geometry Standards of Learning. Students enrolled in this course will be prepared to take the Geometry End of Course SOL test.

Algebra/Functions/Data
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Algebra I or Geometry

This course is comprised of the investigation of mathematical modeling and data analysis. Students will study functions and their behaviors, systems of inequalities, probability, experimental design and implementation, and analysis of data. Data will be generated from real life situations arising from science, business, and finance. Students will solve problems that require the formulation of linear, quadratic, or exponential equations. Through the investigation of mathematical models and interpretation/analysis of data from real life situations, students will strengthen conceptual understandings of mathematics and further develop connections between algebra and statistics. Students will use the language and symbols of mathematics through representations and communications throughout the course. The infusion of technology in the course will assist in modeling and investigating functions and data analysis. TI-83 or TI-84 graphing calculators will be used throughout the course.

Algebra II
Prerequisite: C in Algebra I or successful completion of Geometry

In this course, students will review the basic properties of real numbers and equality. Algebraic expressions will be simplified, combined, multiplied, or factored. This will include polynomials, rational and radical expressions, as well as complex numbers. Students will solve equations and inequalities in one and two variables, including those that are linear, absolute value, rational, radical, quadratic, and polynomial. Students will graph and analyze functions. These will include linear and quadratic, as well as an introduction to polynomial, exponential, and logarithmic functions. Data sets will be studied, graphed, and compared using functions, and variations. Systems of linear and quadratic equations will be solved, both graphically and algebraically, and applied to problem solving. Students will also study statistics to include normal distribution, z-scores and probabilities. Additionally, students will develop an understanding of permutations and combinations. TI-83 or TI-84 graphing calculators will be used to support and verify many mathematical and algebraic concepts throughout the term. Students enrolled in this course may take the Standards of Learning Algebra II test.

Trigonometry
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Algebra II

This class will cover the Algebra II skills necessary to complete the work in the area of Trigonometry. It will then move into the study of the 6 specific functions of angles and how they relate to the sides of triangles. Practical applications will include the study of sound waves, landscape and building architecture, and biological growth and decay. A heavy emphasis will be placed on algebraic computation skills.

LEVEL 2 COURSES

Advanced Geometry
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Algebra I

This course consists of an enriched Geometry curriculum with greater emphasis on proofs and the application of theorems than is covered in general Geometry. This course is taught in a more rigorous manner and at an accelerated pace. Students enrolled in this course may take the Geometry End of Course SOL test.

Advanced Algebra II
Prerequisite: C in Algebra I or successful completion of Geometry

This course consists of a more enriched Algebra II curriculum with a greater emphasis on critical thinking skills and is taught in a more rigorous manner and at an accelerated pace. In addition to the Algebra II curriculum, students will cover the trigonometric functions and their relationships using both the circular and the triangular approach. Students enrolled in this course may take the Standards of Learning Algebra II test. This course is a prerequisite for Advanced Trigonometry.

Advanced Trigonometry/Pre-Calculus
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Algebra II

This course begins with a review of some of the concepts learned in Advanced Algebra II and continues with a thorough study of Trigonometry extended into topics covered in Pre-Calculus. Throughout the course, emphasis is placed on the study of functions (algebraic and transcendental). The student will solve problems both with and without out the use of a graphics calculator. Major topics that will be covered include algebraic functions, exponential functions, logarithmic functions, trigonometric functions, trigonometric identities, and practical applications and modeling using both Trigonometry and Algebra, vectors, matrices, conic sections. The course concludes with an introduction to limits, derivatives, and other introductory calculus topics. Limits are introduced using sequences and this is extended to the limits of functions and the study of derivatives.

LEVEL 1 COURSES

AP Pre-Calculus

Prerequisite: C in Algebra II (10^th – 12^th graders)

This course prepares students for other college-level mathematics and science courses. Through regular practice, students build deep mastery of modeling and functions, and they examine scenarios through multiple representations. The course framework delineates content and skills common to college precalculus courses that are foundational for careers in mathematics, physics, biology, health science, social science, and data science. All students enrolled in this class will prepare to take the AP exam in May.

AP Calculus AB
Prerequisite: C in Pre-Calculus (11^th – 12^th graders)

This course focuses on a comprehensive treatment of both derivatives and integrals of functions of one variable. Students will study limits, develop the definition of the derivative and theorems on differentiation and then apply the derivative to graphing, related rate problems, and extrema problems. There is also an emphasis on integration techniques, applications of integrals, and the transcendental functions. Graphing calculators will be required in this course. All students enrolled in this class will prepare to take the AP exam in May.

AP Statistics
Prerequisite: C in Algebra II (10^th – 12^th graders)

In this course, students will focus on the major concepts involved in collecting, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from data. The course will include four broad themes: exploring data by observing patterns and departures from patterns; planning a study by deciding what and how to measure; anticipating patterns by producing models using probability and simulation; and statistical inference. This course will be a non-calculus-based course equivalent to a one-semester college level statistics course. All students enrolled in this class will prepare to take the AP exam in May.

ELECTIVE COURSES

AP Computer Science A
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Algebra I (10^th – 12^th graders)

AP Computer Science A introduces students to the foundations of computer science through the JAVA programming language. Students learn how to design solutions to problems, write and test code, and explore how technology impacts everyday life. Key topics include problem-solving strategies, working with data, and creating algorithms to process information. This course will prepare students to take the AP CSA exam at the end of the year.

LEVEL 3 Courses

Environmental Science

In this general level Environmental Science course, the student will understand human dependence on Earth for a variety of resources and examine how human actions have changed the environment and promote civic responsibility. The student will investigate the flow of matter and energy between the biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Instruction will build science literacy through inquiry, student data collection and analysis using appropriate tools, laboratory experiences, and field work.

Biology
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Physical Science and the Physical Science SOL test

This general level Biology course emphasizes the understanding of living systems and the scientific methods used to study these systems. Key concepts include the history of biological thought and the evidence that supports scientific theories, bio- chemical life processes, cellular organization, mechanisms of inheritance, dynamic relationships among organisms, and the change in organisms through time. By observing local organisms and environmental situations, this course emphasizes why biology is important. Students enrolled in this course will take the Standards of Learning Biology test.

General Chemistry
Prerequisite: C in Algebra I or successful completion of Algebra II; Successful completion of Biology; Algebra II and Biology may be taken cocurrently with admin approval (10^th – 12^th graders)

Mathematical relationships are applied to chemical and physical concepts, using unit analysis, significant digits, scientific notation and uncertainty of measurement. The mole concept is developed with its relationship to mass, molecular weight, and gas volume. Application of the inertia molecular theory to the states of matter is made. Additional topics include ionic solutions, molarity, atomic structure using the quantum mechanical model, bonding theories, reaction kinetics and equilibrium, oxidation/ reduction reactions, acid/base theories, and the concept of pH. The laboratory emphasizes qualitative and quantitative observations and the graphing of relationships. Students enrolled in this course may take the Standards of Learning Chemistry test.

Earth Science
Prerequisite: 10^th – 12^th graders

This general level Earth Science course focuses on meteorology, oceanography, geology, and astronomy. The student will plan and conduct investigations, demonstrate scientific reasoning and interpret maps, globes, charts, and imagery. Connections to Virginia’s geologic processes, climate, and resources will be made. Students enrolled in this course will take the Standards of Learning Earth Science test.

Earth Science II: Astronomy
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Geometry, Environmental Science or Earth Science, and Biology (10^th – 12^th graders)

The objective of this lab-based science class is to allow students to study some of the more fascinating aspects of astronomical science beyond those which are normally studied in an Earth Science class. Students will investigate early astronomical history, development of observational technology, various scientific theories of origins of the universe, forces of gravity between astronomical objects, solar and stellar phenomena, constellations, galaxies, black holes, planetary science, space exploration, and the future of humans in space. Students will be required to attend evening observation sessions.

Earth Science II: Oceanography
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Biology (10^th – 12^th graders)

Oceanography is a survey course that introduces students to the four broad disciplines of marine science; chemical, physical, geological, and biological oceanography. Building on knowledge gained in Environmental Science, Chemistry, and Biology, students will investigate tectonic processes, navigation, water properties, and marine life. Students will learn the physical and chemical properties of the oceans and their interplay with the atmosphere, as well as their impact on coastal features and marine life. Many lab activities are included.

LEVEL 2 COURSES

Advanced Environmental Science

This is an academically challenging course for the serious science student. The goal of this course is to provide students with the skills and content necessary for them to look at current and future environmental issues, both natural and man-made, biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Instruction will build science literacy through inquiry, student data collection and analysis. The student will investigate the flow of matter and energy between the tools, laboratory experiences, and field work. Students will have the opportunity to increase their environmental literacy and graduate with the knowledge and skills to act responsibly to protect and restore their environment.

Advanced Biology
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Environmental Science or Pass Advanced on Physical Science SOL test

This is an academically challenging course for the serious science student. Students learn about the structure and biochemical processes of the cell, the fundamentals of genetics, change and diversity of life forms through evolution, and ecological relationships of organisms and their environment. The course focuses on the modern classification system through the study of the anatomy and physiology of organisms including observations of local flora and fauna. With emphasis on discovery and inquiry, students conduct laboratory experiments using the scientific method. Students enrolled in this course will take the Standards of Learning Biology test.

Biology II: Human Anatomy I
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Biology (10^th – 12^th graders)

This course is intended especially for those interested in entering the health-related fields for both humans and animals. The course includes an introduction to the structure and function of cells, tis- sues, and organs of the human body and how they are interrelated to maintain homeostasis. Systems covered include musculoskeletal, central and peripheral nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, endocrine, reproductive, and integumentary. Dissection will be included.

Biology II: Human Anatomy II
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Human Anatomy I (11^th – 12^th graders)

Students that wish to pursue the medical and allied health fields are often expected to have 2 years in anatomy and physiology. Special Senses, Respiratory Systems, Digestion, Nutrition, and Urogenital systems, will be covered in year II. More emphasis and time will be given to physiological concepts, labs, and dissections, as well as career applications. The same textbook and workbook will be used as Human Anatomy I.

Advanced Chemistry
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Algebra I; Successful completion of Environmental Science or Biology; Biology can be taken concurrently with admin approval (10^th – 12^th graders)

In this science/engineering-oriented course, topics include using mathematical relationships for stoichiometry, gas laws, first and second laws of thermodynamics, solution concentrations, reaction kinetics, equilibrium systems, and electrochemistry. The quantum mechanical model of the atom is developed and its relationship to the periodic table is shown. There is an introduction to nuclear and organic chemistry. Lab experiments provide reinforcement of the concepts and an intro to chemical instrumentation for analysis. Students enrolled in this course may take the Standards of Learning Chemistry test.

Physics
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Algebra II or Trigonometry; Algebra II or Trigonometry can be taken concurrently with admin approval (10^th – 12^th graders)

After introduction in the use of scientific calculators, lab procedures, and the metric system, the students will study velocity and acceleration, New- ton’s Laws of Motion, gravitational force, and the composition and resolution of forces using vectors. More complex types of motion including projectile and harmonic will be introduced to the student. The relationship of force, work, energy, and power will be examined. The application of the kinetic molecular theory to thermal effects and changes of state will be discussed. A general study of magnetism and electricity will be conducted. The topics include electrostatic charges, electric fields and potential, and Ohm’s Law. Wave motion and sound are related to frequency, resonance, and beats. The dual nature of light, reflection, diffraction, and polarization will be discussed. This course involves a significant amount of mathematics.

LEVEL 1 COURSES

AP Environmental Science

Prerequisite: C in previous science course (10^th – 12^th graders)

The AP Environmental Science course is designed to engage students with the scientific principles, concepts, and methodologies required to understand the interrelationships within the natural world. The course requires that students identify and analyze natural and human-made environmental problems, evaluate the relative risks associated with these problems, and examine alternative solutions for resolving or preventing them. Environmental science is interdisciplinary, embracing topics from geology, biology, environmental studies, environmental science, chemistry, and geography. A mini- mum of 25% of instructional time will be engaged in hands-on, inquiry-based laboratory and/or field- work investigations. The AP Environmental Science course is designed to be the equivalent of a one-semester, introductory college course in environmental science.

Dual Enrollment: Chemistry
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Chemistry, 3.0 GPA, Germanna approval, application required (11^th – 12^th graders)

Dual Enrollment Chemistry is a college- level course that focuses on topics which include using mathematical relationships for stoichiometry, gas laws, first and second laws of thermodynamics, solution concentrations, reaction kinetics, equilibrium systems, and electro chemistry. The quantum mechanical model of the atom is developed and its relationship to the periodic table is shown. Laboratory experiments provided reinforcement of the concepts and an introduction to chemical instrumentation for analysis.

ELECTIVE COURSES

Forensic Science
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Biology (10^th – 12^th graders)

Forensic Science is an engaging, hands-on course that introduces students to the scientific methods and technologies used to solve crimes. Through realistic simulations, case studies, and lab investigations, students learn how to properly process crime scenes, collect and analyze evidence, and apply concepts from biology, chemistry, and technology. They practice examining fingerprints, documents, hair, fibers, soil, glass, and other forms of trace evidence while learning how these materials can connect suspects, victims, and crime scenes. Students also explore advanced investigative areas such as DNA profiling, blood and blood-spatter analysis, toxicology, entomology, anthropology, ballistics, and arson investigation. By the end of the course, students will understand the role of science in the justice system and develop strong observational, analytical, and critical-thinking skills. This course is ideal for those interested in scientific careers, criminal justice, law enforcement, medicine, or simply discovering how science helps reveal the truth behind a crime.

LEVEL 3 COURSES

Health/PE 9

Physical Education instruction emphasizes the participation of lifetime fitness activities and how it relates to personal wellness. Activities include badminton, volleyball, tennis, speed ball, dance, flag football, aerobics, soccer, recreational games, basketball, golf, running, and fitness stations. During the health portion of this course, students will study alcohol, tobacco, and drugs, diseases of the body, mental and emotional health, family life, safety and injury prevention and violence prevention. Proper attire is required for all physical education classes. A PE uniform (shirt and shorts) must be purchased from a physical education teacher for $20. CPR is a requirement for graduation and will be covered in this course.

Health/PE/Driver’s Education
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Health/PE 9

The purpose of the health education is to help students acquire an understanding of health concepts and skills and to apply them in making healthy decisions to improve, sustain, and promote personal, family, and community health. Proper attire is required for all physical education classes. A PE uniform (shirt and shorts) must be purchased from a physical education teacher for $20. Classroom Driver’s Education is a part of the health requirement of this course. The state of Virginia requires a minimum of 36 hours of classroom instruction. Students who miss more than 5 classes will not receive credit unless all work is completed. Students are scheduled for behind the wheel instruction after they have met the above requirements. The "in car" component of Driver’s Education will be taught after school hours and on weekends when student’s schedule permits. Students must submit the required $200 fee to be placed on the list for behind the wheel instruction.

ELECTIVE COURSES

Advanced PE
Prerequisite: Successful completion of PE 9 and Health/Driver’s Ed 10; PE Department approval (11^th – 12^th graders)

Students will learn training techniques and follow training programs to improve upon both health and skill related components. Proper attire is required for all physical education classes. A PE uniform (shirt and shorts) must be purchased from a physical education teacher for $20.

Strength and Conditioning
Prerequisite: Successful completion of PE 9 and Health/Driver’s Ed 10; PE Department appproval (11^th – 12^th graders)

This is not a typical Physical Education class. The daily routine will involve lifting weights and fitness conditioning. Class also includes aerobic conditioning activities. Strength and Conditioning Education is designed for the student who enjoys physical activity and wishes to increase his/her strength and overall fitness. The student will be expected to understand and put into practice a more informed level of knowledge of the body. The students will familiarize themselves with the skeletal, muscular systems, and how they interrelate with their body.

HEALTH SCIENCES AND AGRICULTURE, FOOD & NATURAL RESOURCES

Introduction to Health and Medical Sciences

This course introduces students to healthcare careers and develops basic skills required in all health and medical sciences. Students will learn basic healthcare terminology, anatomy and physiology, pathologies, diagnostic and clinical procedures, therapeutic interventions, and traumatic and medical emergency care fundamentals. Instruction emphasizes safety, cleanliness, asepsis, professionalism, accountability, and efficiency within the healthcare environment. Students also begin gaining job-seeking skills to enter the health and medical sciences field. This course is recommended for students interested in the CNA or EMT programs or higher education pre-med studies.

Emergency Medical Technician I
Prerequisite: Students must be at least 16 before the first day of EMT instruction (11^th – 12^th graders)

This course encompasses the National Emergency Medical Services Educational Standards. Students explore and apply the fundamentals of emergency medical services, anatomy, physiology, and medical terminology while demonstrating skills in assessing and managing patient care, including assessing the scene and understanding shock, resuscitation, and trauma. Successful completion of this course qualifies students to enroll in EMT II to complete the program sequence.

Dual Enrollment: Nurse Aide I
Prerequisite: Successful completion of SDV 101 (online through Germanna); Successful completion of Keyboarding or CIS; Spring placement test at Germanna prior to enrollment (12^th graders)

This course emphasizes advanced skills obtained in a variety of health care facilities under the supervision of an instructor from Germanna. Communication and interpersonal skills, infection control, safety and emergency procedures, recognition of changes in body functioning, personal care needs of both the long-term care and acute care patient are studied. The legal aspects of practice as a certified nurse aide and occupational health and safety measures are also included. Each student is required to purchase a white scrub uniform, apron, white shoes, secondhand watch, and have a negative PPD (Tuberculosis screening test) and a urine drug screen test prior to clinical placement. This course is approved by the State Board of Nursing and will qualify the student for participation in the Virginia Nurse Aide Competence Evaluation Program (required for certification).

Dual Enrollment: Nurse Aide II
Prerequisite: Successful completion of DE: Nurse Aide I (12^th graders)

Nurse Aide II is an occupational preparation course, emphasizing advanced skill training in are- as such as catheter care, range of motion, bowel and bladder training, care of the dying, selected procedures for maternal and infant care, and ad- mission and discharge procedures. Students learn about diseases and body systems as related to advanced clinical care of the acute medical-surgical patient, the chronically ill, and the elderly. On-the-job instruction in a licensed nursing home is part of the course. Upon completion of the nurse aide program, the student is eligible to take the nurse aide certification exam that leads to employment as a certified nurse aide in hospitals and nursing homes.

Veterinary Science I
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Biology I (10^th – 12^th graders)

This course prepares students for postsecondary education and/or careers in veterinary medicine or related fields. Students develop their skills in anatomy, nutrition, medical terminology, sanitation, clinical exams, and handling animals. Live animal handling will occur. The course content also includes facility maintenance, and office functions, as well as safety practices. The National FFA Organization, Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE), or related student organization activities are encouraged.

Veterinary Science II
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Veterinary Science I (11^th – 12^th graders)

This course continues more in-depth instruction of diverse animal anatomy and physiology, health maintenance, and clinical practices. Students are expanding on their preparation for postsecondary veterinary/animal science related fields. Shadowing experience in vet offices and shelter is encouraged.

Sports Medicine/Athletic Training I
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Intro to Health and Medical Sciences (11^th – 12 graders)

In this course, students earn a certification in First Aid, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and automatic external defibrillator (AED). The course introduces students to topics such as human anatomy and physiology, nutrition, medical terminology, injuries and illnesses, and legal and ethical issues in sports medicine. Students will earn and demonstrate emergency care, taping and wrapping of injuries, and apply other hands-on skills for treating injury. Students also examine prospective careers in the sports medicine field. Upon successful completion of this course, students are eligible to take Sports Medicine II and pursue industry certification as a personal trainer. Contextual instruction and student participation in co-curricular career and technical student organization (CTSO) activities will develop leadership, interpersonal, and career skills. High-quality work-based learning (HQWBL) will provide experiential learning opportunities related to students' career goals and/or interests, integrated with instruction, and performed in partnership with local businesses and organizations.

Sports Medicine/Athletic Training II
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Sports Medicine/Athletic Training I (12^th graders)

Upon successful completion of this course, students will be eligible to take the National Academy of Sports Medicine-Certified Personal Trainer (NASM-CPT) exam. This course builds upon basic knowledge acquired in Sports Medicine I on topics such as exercise physiology, biomechanics, exercise program design, and injury prevention, assessment, treatment, and management. Students will assess fitness, measure body composition, and design exercise programs. Students prepare for a career in sports medicine, including completing an internship, practicing interview skills, and building a resume. Contextual instruction and student participation in co-curricular career and technical student organization (CTSO) activities will develop leadership, interpersonal, and career skills. High-quality work-based learning (HQWBL) will provide experiential learning opportunities related to students' career goals and/or interests, integrated with instruction, and performed in partnership with local businesses and organizations.

BUSINESS MANAGEMENT & ADMINISTRATION, FINANCE, AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Principles of Business
Prerequisites: 9^th – 10^th graders

This course is designed to provide an approach to the business world as needed for life management skills. Students will study the effects of business on the economy and be introduced to the different economic systems. Instruction will include how to use banks and banking services, how to shop wisely and how to handle credit. Students will also be given the opportunity to explore careers of their choices. FBLA activities, as well as leadership skills, are provided through this course. Students will take the Workplace Readiness Skills Test. Students are strongly encouraged to participate in FBLA.

Business Law
Prerequisite: 10^th – 12^th graders

Students examine the foundations of the American legal system and learn the rights and responsibilities of citizens and businesses. Students gain knowledge and skills by exploring economic and social concepts related to laws governing business and individuals. Focus areas include contracts, consumer protection, criminal law, tort law, international law, family/domestic law, employment law, cyber law, and careers in the legal profession. Students may combine classroom instruction and work-based learning opportunities in an approved position with continuing supervision.

Entrepreneurship

This course introduces students to the exciting world of creating, owning, and launching their own business. Students will learn concepts and techniques for planning an entrepreneurial venture, using design thinking and business model development. Students will learn about financial statements, marketing principles, sales and customer service, and basic economic principles for successful operation.

Entrepreneurship II
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Entrepreneurship I (10^th – 12^th graders)

This course provides students with the opportunity to implement a business plan and challenges them to start an entrepreneur venture while still in high school. The creative and problem-solving skills taught in the Advanced Entrepreneurship course enhance the knowledge gained in Entrepreneurship 9093. Students could develop practical skills sets (i.e. marketing and advertising, communication, accounting, finance, and management that will foster success in current and future ventures. Computer technology applications, business partnerships, and DECA activities enhance the course.

Economics/Personal Finance

Students learn how to navigate the financial decisions they must face and to make informed decisions related to career exploration, budgeting, banking, credit, insurance, spending, taxes, saving, investing, buying/leasing a vehicle, living independently, inheritance, and planning for retirement. Development of financial literacy skills and an understanding of economic principles will provide the basis for responsible citizenship and career success. In addition to developing personal finance skills, students in this course will also study basic occupational skills and concepts in preparation for entry-level employment in the field of finance. Completion of this course will prepare students for the WISE Financial Literacy certification exam. Students may also take the Workplace Readiness Skills Test. This course is required for graduation (11^th graders).

HOSPITALITY & TOURISM

Introduction to Culinary Arts

In Introduction to Culinary Arts, students investigate food safety and sanitation, culinary preparation foundations, basic culinary skills, diverse cuisines, service styles, essential nutrition, and food economics. Students also explore postsecondary education options and career opportunities within the food service industry.

MARKETING

Marketing

Students will learn how products are developed, branded, and sold. They will analyze industry trends and gain hands-on experience in the marketing of goods, services, and ideas and be prepared for success in postsecondary education and employment. Topics include professionalism in the workplace, product planning and positioning, promotion, pricing, selling, economic issues, and changes in the marketplace. Contextual instruction and student participation in co-curricular career and technical student organization (CTSO) activities will develop leadership, interpersonal, and career skills. High-quality work-based learning (HQWBL) will provide experiential learning opportunities related to students' career goals and/or interests, integrated with instruction, and performed in partnership with local businesses and organizations.

Digital and Social Media Marketing

This course introduces students to digital and social media marketing. Students explore principles, strategies, tools, and tactics related to consumers, branding, advertising, and promotions. Students explore how success is measured in a digital and social media marketing campaign. This course emphasizes ethics, laws, and security. Students also investigate business.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Computer Information Systems I

This class is the first part of Computer Information systems sequence of courses in which students will improve their computer skills for the workplace, or for college, by exploring the fundamentals of Microsoft Office 365 and Office 2019 including Word, Excel, Access, and PowerPoint. Students will learn the proper procedures to create documents, spreadsheets, databases, and presentations suitable for high school and college coursework, professional purposes, and personal use. Career Exploration is an integral part of this course. Students will explore their interests and match them to compatible career choices, colleges and majors. Students will prepare personal resumes, learn interviewing skills and do mock interviews. Completion of this course will assist in preparing students for the Microsoft Office Specialist Industry certification. Students may also take the Workplace Readiness Skills Test.

Computer Information Systems II
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Computer Information Systems course; Students are strongly encouraged to participate in FBLA

This class is the second part of Computer Information Systems. It is not a weighted course. Students apply problem-solving skills to real-life situations through advanced integrated software applications, which include the use of word processing, spreadsheets, databases, and graphic presentations using Microsoft Office 365 and Office 2019 (Word, Excel, Access, and PowerPoint). Desktop Publishing, AI Literacy, Coding and Work-based Learning are also part of the course curriculum. Completion of this course will prepare students for the Microsoft Office Specialist Industry certification. Students will be given the opportunity to take the Microsoft Office Specialist (MOS) Exam for Industry Certification upon completion of this course.

Information Technology (IT) Fundamentals

Information Technology Fundamentals introduces students to the essential technical and professional skills needed for careers in information technology. Students learn the basics of digital technology, computer applications, hardware maintenance, troubleshooting, and networking fundamentals. The course also explores ethical issues related to computers and internet use, as well as introductory webpage and game design concepts. Students develop leadership, teamwork, and career-readiness skills through participation in Career and Technical Student Organization (CTSO) activities. High-Quality Work-Based Learning (HQWBL) opportunities provide hands-on, real-world experiences connected to students’ career interests through partnerships with local businesses and organizations.

Cybersecurity Fundamentals

This course is designed to introduce students to the foundations of cybersecurity in today’s rapidly changing digital world. Students will learn how information is protected, explore common cyber threats and defense strategies, and examine how emerging technologies shape security practices. Through hands-on and interactive learning experiences, students will use current industry resources such as the Virginia Cyber Range, Virginia Space Grant Consortium, and Cyber.Org to develop real-world skills. The course also highlights high-skill, high-wage, and high-demand careers in cybersecurity and prepares students for success on industry-recognized certifications aligned with course content. Students will strengthen leadership, teamwork, and career-readiness skills through participation in Career and Technical Student participation in Career and Technical Student Organization (CTSO) activities. Additionally, High-Quality Work-Based Learning (HQWBL) opportunities allow students to gain experiential learning connected to their career interests through partnerships with local businesses and organizations.

Design, Multimedia, and Web Technologies I
Prerequisite: 10^th – 12^th graders

Students develop skills in creating interactive media, websites, and publications for print and electronic distribution. Students work with sophisticated hardware and software, applying skills learned to real-world projects. Students are strongly encouraged to participate in FBLA.

Design, Multimedia, and Web Technologies II
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Design, Multimedia, and Web Technologies (11^th – 12^th graders)

Students develop advanced skills in creating interactive media, websites, and publications for print and electronic distribution. Students design portfolios that may include business cards, newsletters, mini-pages, Web pages, multimedia presentations, and graphics.

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING & MATH

Robotics Technology

Students will engage in the study of robotic systems and their applications. Students will study careers related to robotics engineering and explore topics including programming, electrical systems, mechanical concepts, and control systems. Learning and problem-solving activities will challenge students to design, build, and program robotic systems. An industry certification can be earned with this course.

Electronic Systems I

Electronic devices are everywhere in modern life and business, with many career opportunities existing for those who can design, build, and repair these devices. This introductory course allows students to explore principles of electricity, apply knowledge in mathematics and science, and conduct experiments with DC electronics. An industry certification can be earned with this course.

ARTS, AUDIO/VIDEO, TECHNOLOGY & COMMUNICATIONS

Audio Production & Recording I
Prerequisite: Completion of one high school music course, or permission of the instructor (10^th – 12^th graders)

This course will offer students the opportunity to develop an understanding of music composition through the use of music notation software and hardware.

Audio Production & Recording II
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Music Recording and Production I course (11^th – 12^th graders)

This course extends practical music production and multi-track recording skills to complex projects and integrates acoustic and digital recording elements. Students will continue their investigation of current developments in music production and recording.

TRADE & INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

BuildingTrades I
Prerequisite: 10^th – 11^th graders

Building Trades I introduces students to skills in the four core areas of construction: masonry, carpentry, electricity, and plumbing. Students emphasize safety by earning the Construction Industry Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 10 card as they use various tools, understand core construction concepts, and apply basic skills to build residential structures. Students will also learn current residential building codes associated with the trades. Activities will develop leadership, interpersonal, and career skills. This course is designed for students in grades 10 and 11.

Carpentry I/Core Craft Skills
Prerequisite: 10th- 12^th graders

The gateway course to more than 70 craft areas offered by the National Center for Construction Education and Research (NCCER – several of which are offered at JM through our partnership with Germanna. Successful completion of this course will enable students to obtain both an OSHA 10 card and the NCCER Core Craft Skills Credential. This course provides an overview of the materials, methods, tools, and techniques used in construction today. Unlike a shop class that focuses on hobbyist woodworking, this course teaches the skills and knowledge base needed for an entry level position in the construction field. Students will learn measuring and marking skills, job-site safety, basic tool identification and operation, along with trade specific application of math and communication and employability skills. In addition, students will learn terms and core concepts foundational to building construction. The class is conducted to mirror the expectations for the employee of a construction company. Knowledge will be applied, and technical skills acquired through a variety of hands-on projects. These will range from small ones designed to reinforce basic skills to fabrication of shed kits to demonstrate mastery of the essential skills required to build any structure. Students will be required to cover the cost of any project not assigned by the instructor. Skills USA is co-curricular with the course and students are strongly encouraged to become dues-paying members. If time permits, a module on the basics of business will be taught to encourage entrepreneurial spirit and open doors for promotions to management positions. Projects will be similar to those in Carpentry I, but more complex and completed to a higher standard. Students will absorb the cost of all projects except small structures and will be required to cover the cost of any project not assigned by the instructor.

Carpentry II
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Carpentry I

Carpentry II reinforces the material covered in Carpentry I and elaborates upon it. Areas receiving additional coverage include stair construction, specialty roof framing, and the finer details of finish carpentry and mill work. An introduction to cabinetmaking along with the rudimentary principles of the electrical, plumbing, and HVAC trades will be included to give a more complete picture of the entirety of the residential home construction process.

Cosmetology I
Prerequisite: 11^th graders

In the first year of this 3-year program, students study hair, skin, nails, and their related care. Students are grounded in theory as they prepare to practice procedures in a clinical lab setting of classroom, using manikins for manipulative skill practice.This introductory course emphasizes personal safety, professionalism, sanitation and disinfection of equipment and facilities. Students develop skills in shampooing, conditioning, styling and cutting hair. They are introduced to chemical texture services and develop skills in manicure and pedicure procedures. Regular attendance is essential for success in this course. Students are required to purchase a cosmetology kit ($150) which includes lab coat, shears, manikin, and other necessary supplies for the 3-year program. Students are strongly encouraged to participate in Skills USA.

Cosmetology II
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Cosmetology I (12^th graders)

During the second year of Cosmetology, students build on their theoretical foundation of general sciences and practices in cosmetology to increase proficiency in hair cutting and styling on live models, with attention to professionalism, client consultation, safety, and infection control. In this continuing course, students are trained in safe chemical processes related to permanent waves, relaxers, lightening, and coloring hair. Additionally, students learn to care for skin, hands, and feet, developing experience in providing facials, manicures, pedicures, and nail enhancements. Students will also be introduced to a business management unit with a focus on managing the salon. Regular at- tendance is essential for success in this course. Students are strongly encouraged to participate in Skills USA.

EDUCATION & TRAINING

Dual Enrollment: Fredericksburg Teachers Academy
Prerequisite: Minimum GPA of 2.7, Submission of Teacher Recommendation form; Completed application and essay (11^th – 12^th graders)

The Fredericksburg Teachers Academy fosters student interest, understanding, and appreciation of the teaching profession. Students build a foundation by learning the history, structure and governance of teaching, apply professional teaching techniques, and complete 12 to 15 days of field experience in a variety of grade levels. Students must think critically and creatively to produce a variety of products that reflect on their learning experiences. The Fredericksburg Teachers Academy is a Level I dual-enrollment course in which students can earn three transferable college credits.

Dual Enrollment: Fredericksburg Teachers Academy II
Prerequisite: B in Fredericksburg Teachers Academy I; Minimum GPA of 2.7 (11^th – 12^th graders)

Students continue to explore careers in the Education and Training Career Cluster and pathways. This course provides the opportunity for students to prepare for careers in education as they research postsecondary options, learn about the process of teacher certification in Virginia, and participate in a practicum experience. This course is the second of a sequence to Fredericksburg City School’s Fredericksburg Teachers Academy, and students must have received a B or higher in the previous course. Students are also required to be a dual enrollment student with the participating university. Additional educational leadership opportunities are offered through the student organization Future Educators Association, and membership will be encouraged.

LEVEL 3 COURSES

French I

Students are introduced to written and spoken French. Students will learn basic grammar and vocabulary. They will develop listening and speaking skills through class participation. Students will explore various aspects of the French culture.

French II
Prerequisite: Successful completion of French I

Students will continue to develop the skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. They review basic vocabulary while learning more advanced grammatical concepts. Additional vocabulary is acquired through listening and reading to improve basic conversational skills. This course includes the study of Francophone cultures.

LEVEL 2 COURSES

French III
Prerequisite: Successful completion of French III

Students will continue to increase proficiency in the four skill areas of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Speaking and understanding functional French will be heavily emphasized. By the end of the year, students should be familiar with all verb tenses. They will expand their knowledge of French culture and study an overview of history from Gaule to the Middle Ages.

French IV
Prerequisite: C in French III

This course is the first of two years of advanced study in the French language. It focuses on further mastery of the interactive, productive and receptive skills that students begin to develop in French I-III. The course explores aspects of topics relating to the francophone world, using a variety of authentic materials from print, audio and visual sources. These topics correlate to other courses of study, such as literature, social studies, science, and art. Students integrate knowledge across the curriculum while increasing their French fluency.

LEVEL 3 COURSES

Latin I

In this course, students will be introduced to the language of the ancient Romans. Emphasis is placed on translating from Latin to English and writing English sentences in Latin along with the study of various aspects of Roman life and history.

Latin II
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Latin I

A thorough review of grammatical forms and vocabulary will serve as the introduction to Latin II. Attention will be given to development in vocabulary and the presentation of more complex grammatical constructions: dependent verbs, participles, infinitives, indirect discourse, and the subjunctive mood.

LEVEL 2 COURSES

Latin III Cicero
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Latin II

Students will complete their study of Latin grammar as needed. Then, students will be introduced to the works of major Latin prose authors. Attention will be given to the history of Rome leading up to the last days of the Roman Republic and the first century of the Roman Empire. The works of Latin Prose Authors which will be translated from Latin into English may include Cicero, Caesar, Livy, and Pliny.

LEVEL 1 COURSES

Dual Enrollment: Latin
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Latin III, 3.0 GPA, Germanna approval, application required

This course introduces the reading of classical Latin with a review of Latin grammar, forms, and syntax. This year features an in-depth study of the works of Roman authors such as Virgil, Catullus, Ovid, and Cicero. Emphasis will be placed on literal translation, literary analysis, identification of stylistic devices, scansion, and an understanding of the cultural and literary background from which the authors interact.

AP Latin
Prerequisite: Successful completion of DE Latin

AP Latin is a rigorous, intermediate, college-level Latin course designed to deepen students' proficiency in reading, analyzing, and interpreting Latin poetry and prose. The course centers on an in-depth study of significant Latin texts, including selections from Vergil's Aeneid and the letters of Pliny the Younger, while also incorporating additional Latin prose and poetry chosen by the teacher. Students refine their understanding of Latin vocabulary, grammar, and syntax while developing advanced skills in literary analysis, historical and cultural contextualization, and interpretation. This course prepares students to take the AP Latin exam in May.

LEVEL 3 COURSES

Spanish I

Students will develop beginning communication competencies in listening, reading, writing and speaking Spanish and study Hispanic culture and history. Students will demonstrate skills necessary to carry out basic survival needs, deliver oral and written presentations, and read simple narration and comprehend messages. Students will acquire a working vocabulary for everyday use, understand basic elements of language structure (to include present and past tenses and pronunciation. This course will present a balance of grammar and communication proficiency through the classroom use of audiovisual technology and interactive tasks.

Spanish II
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Spanish I

Students will continue their study of the Spanish language and culture of the Spanish speaking countries. Students will understand more complex grammar topics and learn to talk about events in the present, past, and future. Topics are presented in the contexts of everyday situations — travel, food, recreation, telecommunications — that provide real meaning and purpose to the acquisition of language skills.

LEVEL 2 COURSES

Spanish III
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Spanish II

This is an advanced level course taught in Spanish. Students will acquire extensive vocabulary, study advanced grammar, including all tenses of the indicative and the subjunctive, make progress and achieve greater accuracy in oral and written expressions, and read short selections from well- known Hispanic authors. Oral communication in Spanish is the primary goal of this course. Students will be expected to carry out conversational needs in Spanish.

Spanish IV
Prerequisite: C in Spanish III

Spanish IV is a literature class. Students will read selections from Spanish and Latin American authors. Emphasis will be on reading comprehension and writing skills. Grammar will be reviewed in the writing assignments. Vocabulary will be chosen from the reading selections. At the end of the year the students will read a short novel. Class discussions will be in Spanish.